THE BIGGEST TRIPE IN AFRICA:
FULANI PEOPLE :
Blogs by: Babiker Sombo
Fulani citizens of about 20
countries in Africa ,
Mauritania, Ghana, Senegal,
Guinea, The Gambia, Mali,
Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Benin,
Burkina Faso, Guinea Bissau,
Cameroon, Côte d’Ivoire, Niger, Chad, Togo, the Central African
Republic, Liberia, and Sudan.
Allah Accu Laawol Fulbe
Art & Culture Rock Art Paintings Like most Art in
Africa, the Fulani Art
shows rich
traditions, histories
and life styles.
Fulani’s artifacts depicting the early
life of the people date back to thousands of
years..[more…] Fulani aesthetic Body modification and
adornment is a
universal culture. All
civilizations have
attempted to change
their body in order to fulfill their cultural construct of beauty,
religious and/or social
obligations..[more…] Body Adornment Body modification and
adornment is a
universal culture. All
civilizations have
attempted to change
their body in order to fulfill their cultural construct of beauty,
religious and/or social
obligations.[more…] Hair decoration Women generally put
on elaborate and
colorful scarf around
their head. However,
among young women
the care of the hair is the one aspect of personal adornment
to which they pay much
attention.[more…] Jewelry Jewelry has a special
place among Fulanis.
Jewelry has been a
symbol of status
andwealth, created to
decorate and adorn and used for trade..[more…] Beads and Amber Fulani women are
readily recognizable
by their exquisite
adornments–large
gold earrings known
as kwottone kanye, heavy silver rings and
bangles, and hairdos that incorporate
large amber beads, glass
beads.[more…] The Meaning and History of
the Cowry Shell The ever popular cowry shell
has many uses and meanings.
It has shown up in the form of
money,jewelry, and even
religious accessories in almost
every part of the world. [more…] Dress and Decoration The Fulani are known
for ther elaborate body
adornment from the
striking clothes
theywear with flair, to
the ponderous gold jewelry & the tribal
tattoos.[more…] Textiles There are several
artisan castes among
the Fulani people,
including the Maboube,
hereditary weavers.
Their most important traditional products are blankets, known as Leppi
Chianiadhe or khasa, which are
woven from hand-spun sheep
wool..[more…] Mud Cloth Paintings Mud Cloth
Paintings are
made using an
ancient and
extensive
process. The fabric is all hand spun making a number
of individual cloth strips. [more…] Blankets and Covers of the
Sahel The Sahel, where most
Fulani live, is an arid
region south of the
Sahara. The area
reaches both extreme
heat during the day and also can get very cold at
night.Throughout this area wool or cotton blankets
and cover cloths are used both
for warmth in the cold nights
and as protection against
mosquitoes..[more…] Fulani Wedding Blanket Fulani
wedding
blancket
display
beautiful and
popular design
patterns.
(avec african
fractals). [more…] Habitat and architecture The habitat
ranges from
simple temporary
huts to elaborate
structures.
Generally nomadic Fulani
who often are in charge of building
the family tents or temporary
shelters, weave wall and floor
mats.[more…] Calabash Decoration and
Wood carving Gourds or
Calabashes whether
decorated or not,
basically fulfill
practical functions in
the daily activities of the Fulani family.[more…] Pottery In many African
societies, Pottery is
used for many functions
from household use to
ritual practices. Cultural
stability and the environment determine
most of the time the type of pottery used by
one culture..[more…] Brass Artwork All brass items
are made of
solid brass
using the Lost
Wax Method.
This is an exceptionally labor intensive
process where a wax mold is
formed by hand, over an open
fire until the mold is exactly as
intended.[more…] Paintings Apart from
such crafts
as Jewelry
making, bronze-casting, wood carving,
leather work, pottery and
weaving, a form of artistic
expression that has quietly
gained a stronghold but has
not been given its due recognition in Fulani painting. kalidou kasse expo case
afrique [more…] Literature The African Oral
Tradition is one of
narration, poetry,
proverbs, jokes and
riddles. Most of
Fulani literature is and remains
oral.Ref: groupe
which is actively
promotting the
pulaar language is
Associates in Research an Education for Developpement inc (ARED) and
Groupe d’Initiative pour la
Promotion du Livre en Langue
Nationale(GIPLLN)
Lien au livre 33 en pdf [more…] Dance and Music What ever the tribal or
ethnic group, Music and
Dance forms are at the
centre of all African
arts and culture. Music
plays an integral role in the celebration of life’s many rituals and accompanies everyday activities.
(prevoir un link sur baba maal) [more…]
¤المصدر:
http://www.jamtan.com/jamtan/fulani.cfm?chap=1&linksPage=161
Fulani Pathways Pulaaku
Central to their life is their
code of behavior called
Pulaaku, which enables them
to maintain their identity
across boundaries and changes
of life style. Pulaaku has been described as ‘Fulaniness’ ,
decorum, good manners,
and pastoral chivalry. Pulaaku
involves important virtues
such as, munyal, which is
patience, self control, mental discipline, prudence;
semteende which is modesty
and respect for others, even for
enemies, and also hakkille, wisdom, forethought,
prudence in managing his
personal affairs and giving
hospitality. The Pullo, as the Fulani call
themselves, is trained to be
stoic, never to show his
feelings. He is disciplined,
thoughtful and proud but
respectful. He also tends tohave a deep emotional
attachment to cattle. It means
that one is a better person if
one is self-sufficient and relies
on few personal possessions
and comforts. Pulaaku implies that one can
manage onself well and also
that one can manage one’s
herd well. The Pullo or Fulbe
male sees his people as having
a priestly role to maintain the triangular relationships of
interdependence between
himself, his wife and family,
and his cattle. Indeed, many
Fulani groups give to their
cattle individual endearing names.His cattle give a man
milk and prestige, and is
treated like an extended
family rather than just an
economic asset. In return he gives them
pasture, water and protection.
The wife contributes food
preparation, dairy production
and fertility. Therefore the
man has both skill as a herder but also wisdom and character
to fulfill his responsibility. To appreciate the moral
principles governing the Fulani
life, one must have a deep
understanding of the notion of
Pulaaku or Fulaniness. Pulaaku
along with their cattle, language and religion, is the
basis of their extreme pride or
dimmaaku/dimaanku. As
Riesman (1977:128) say,
Pulaaku is an exact structural
equivalent of the English word chivalry and, like it,
designates at once certain
moral qualities and a group of
men possessing these
qualities. It is both the
appropriate code of Fulve behavior and simultaneously
refers to the group of men who
embody it. The dominant traits of Laawol
Pulaaku or the Fulani way are munyal, hakkiilo, semteende,
sagata and an intimate understanding of both the
Fulfulde language and people.
Munyal is a cross between
strength and courage in
adversity and a stoic
acceptance or endurance of the supposedly pre-ordained
vicissitudes of life. It is often
translated as patience.
The word hakkiilo (hakkille)
(intelligence or common sense)
conveys a blending of prudence and shrewdness in
livelihood management and
face to face encounters.
Semteende (shame) is best
described both as a lacking of
restraint (gacce/yaage) and self-control in daily social
interaction, and evidencing a
weakness when facing
adversity (Riesman 1974). It is
most often translated as
shame. The French term pudeur or informed sense of decency
is closer to the mark. In
essence it represents any
revelation of weakness or non-
conformity to the code of
pulaaku. When someone acts shamefully Fulve say o sempti
meaning they shamed
themselves, or alternatively, o
alaa semteende (o ala gacce)
meaning they have no shame.
In other words a pullo must know of the social constraints
on behavior and be able to
avoid contravening them in all
situations, especially in front
of his in-laws. But not having
semteende a pullo would escape from social constraints.
A true pullo is in total control
of his emotions and impulses
(Kirk-Green, 1986).
Semteende, is also a lack of
pulaaku (or even a fear of lacking it) is the motivating
force for the Fulani to behave
as Fulani. Without cattle it is
difficult to exhibit pulaaku and
if one has no longer any cattle
then one has probably not acted as a pullo. In pre-colonial
times, loss of cattle was
shameful. It implied that one
was not man enough to defend
his herd and by implication,
not brave enough to get some back. These days the shame is
attached to inadequate
shepherding ability in the face
of a degrading environment.
Sagata means brave in the
senses of both courage of a warrior and hard work of any
person. It is often used to
congratulate someone for their
valor and accomplishments. More often, Pulaaku is
characterized by the taste or
ndaku for cows and an
intimate knowledge of cattle
husbandry, self-control over
physical needs and impulses, and the choice of stimulation
over comfort. One must not
express any discomfort in
public, whether it be a pain,
physical or moral (such as
grief), or a need (like hunger, thirst). Of course one does not
enact pulaaku all day, but for
limited periods of public
interaction. Thus as Riesman
(1975:45-47) maintains, there
are formal and informal aspects of life and behavior
and these are not always easy
to differentiate. Pulaaku, must be passed on by
each generation as high moral
values of Fulve otherwise it
will disappear, which it seems
to be when herds are lost and
clans break up to seek for work in the settled society. It
is taught by any Rimve
relative, or perhaps by his
parents and also by mawdo
laawol pulaaku, a leader of his
clan. To be a true Fulani, and described by terms such as O
waadi, or banti, or teendru
Pulaaku, means he not only
speaks the language but
knows how to live as a Fulani. The Fulani pathways (Laawol
Fulve): · Munyal = patience, self control, discipline
· Gacce/ Semteende = modesty, respect
· Hakkille = wisdom, forethought, managing it’s
own
· Sagata /Tiinaade= courage, hard work Adapted from : Weekley, Paul,
University of Western Sydney
(…Among the Fulbe Jelgobe of
Northern Burkina Faso, thesis)
¤ المصدر :
http://www.jamtan.com/jamtan/fulani.cfm?chap=1&linksPage=155
Laawol Fulbe 